Excavating the Evidence for Jesus (2025 - 2025)

While the Gospel of Luke emphasizes the Romans and Augustus, the Gospel of Matthew emphasizes the local king, Herod the Great (Matthew 2:1). This Herod was crowned king of the Judeans by the Roman Senate in 40 BC as a client king under the authority of Rome, but he actually took power with the conquest of Jerusalem in 37 BC when he was able to finally defeat the previous ruling Hasmoneans.

Quirinius is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke as a ruler in Syria Province, but he was also a major political figure during the time of the Roman Empire (Luke 2:2). Quirinius is known from numerous historical sources and held positions such as legion commander, governor, and even consul – the highest rank that one could achieve in the Roman political system.

Although Bethlehem is an important location in the Bible, it was a relatively small and insignificant village in ancient times. Recent archaeological excavations at Bethlehem have uncovered material confirming that the town was in existence around the time of Jesus (Matthew 2:4-8).

Situated in Bethlehem is the Church of the Nativity, commemorating the birth of Jesus above the cave where ancient tradition placed the nativity. Although the Gospels state only that Jesus was born in a manger in Bethlehem because there was no room for them in the guestroom (Matthew 2:1; Luke 2:7-15), this tells us that Jesus was born where the animals were kept at night, which indicates the birth likely happened in a cave rather than an open air animal pen.

Why do we celebrate Christmas on December 25? Was Jesus possibly born on this day, or did celebrations start as a result of religious syncretism from Roman times? The Roman festival of Saturnalia, honoring the god Saturn, is often cited as the inspiration behind the church-sanctioned date for Christmas, but Saturnalia was celebrated from December 17–23, not on December 25, and therefore it was not a replacement festival or holy day. Another claim is that December 25th was the day for Sol Invictus and the early church just “Christianized” this day.

After the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem and the 40 days of purification, Joseph and Mary took Jesus to Jerusalem to offer a sacrifice (Luke 2:22–24; Leviticus 12:1–4). There at the temple in Jerusalem, the couple offered two birds because they did not have the financial means to purchase a lamb (Luke 2:23–24; Leviticus 12:8).

The massacre of male babies in Bethlehem at the order of Herod the Great is only recorded in one of the four Gospels (Matthew 2:16-18). However, other ancient sources indicate that this was an historical event. Herod had countless people assassinated, including political rivals, religious leaders, various family members, and even three of his own sons (Josephus, Wars and Antiquities). His sons were executed around 7-4 BC, also the approximate time of the Massacre of the Innocents in Bethlehem.

After the magi visited Jesus, Joseph took Mary and Jesus to Egypt to flee the wrath of Herod the Great (Matthew 2:13-15; cf. Hosea 11:1).To the north of Judea was Syria Province, which was politically connected to Judea and had been ruled by Saturninus who was favorable to Herod, and then by a cruel governor named Varus (power switched in 7 BC). The region to the east and the south was under the control of the Nabatean Kingdom, which had family ties to Herod. But to the west was the province of Egypt.

Artifacts, tombs, pottery, and structures dating to the 1st century have been excavated in Nazareth, demonstrating that the town was occupied in the time of Jesus (Matthew 2:21-23). Further, two houses from the 1st century have been uncovered, and finds such as stone vessels for ritual washing indicate residents were Jews who observed the Mosaic Law. One house had a church built around it in the 5th century AD (Church of the Nutrition), revered as the childhood home of Jesus (Luke 2:39-40). This house was abandoned after the 1st century AD.